The Anglo-Afghan Wars were three conflicts fought between the British Empire and Afghanistan in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The first war (1839-1842) aimed to establish a friendly government in Afghanistan but ended in a disastrous retreat for British forces. The second war (1878-1880) was sparked by British concerns over Russian influence in the region, leading to a temporary British victory. The third conflict (1919) occurred after Afghanistan declared independence following World War I. This war resulted in the recognition of Afghanistan's sovereignty, marking the end of British control over Afghan affairs. The wars significantly shaped the political landscape of South Asia.