Ancient urban planning refers to the design and organization of cities in early civilizations, such as those in Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Indus Valley. These cities often featured a grid layout, with streets arranged in a systematic manner to facilitate movement and trade. Key structures, like temples and marketplaces, were strategically placed to serve as focal points for the community. In addition to layout, ancient urban planners considered essential services like water supply and waste management. For instance, the Romans developed advanced aqueducts to transport water, while the Indus Valley Civilization implemented sophisticated drainage systems. These innovations contributed to the health and sustainability of urban life.