Ancient Africa was home to some of the world's earliest civilizations, including the Egyptians along the Nile River. They developed advanced writing systems, monumental architecture like the Pyramids, and complex societies with rich cultural practices. Other notable regions included Nubia to the south, known for its powerful kingdoms and trade networks. In West Africa, the Ghana, Mali, and Songhai empires thrived from the 4th to the 16th centuries, benefiting from trade in gold and salt. The Great Zimbabwe in the southeast was famous for its impressive stone structures and trade connections. These civilizations contributed significantly to global history and culture.