African history is rich and diverse, spanning thousands of years and encompassing various cultures, kingdoms, and civilizations. Notable ancient civilizations include Ancient Egypt, known for its pyramids and pharaohs, and the Kingdom of Kush, which thrived to the south of Egypt. The continent has also seen the rise of powerful empires such as the Mali Empire, famous for its wealth and the city of Timbuktu. Throughout history, Africa has experienced significant changes due to trade, colonization, and the struggle for independence. The transatlantic slave trade had a profound impact on African societies, while the 20th century saw many nations gain independence from European powers. Today, Africa is home to over 50 countries, each with its unique history and culture.