African empires, such as the Mali Empire, Ghana Empire, and Songhai Empire, flourished between the 8th and 16th centuries. These empires were known for their wealth, trade, and cultural achievements. They controlled important trade routes across the Sahara Desert, facilitating the exchange of gold, salt, and other goods. The Mali Empire, famous for its ruler Mansa Musa, became a center of learning and culture, particularly in the city of Timbuktu. The Songhai Empire later emerged as one of the largest empires in African history, continuing the legacy of trade and scholarship established by its predecessors.