Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan was an Umayyad caliph who ruled from 685 to 705 CE. He is known for consolidating the Umayyad dynasty's power and implementing significant administrative reforms. His reign marked the expansion of the Islamic empire and the establishment of Arabic as the official language of administration. Under his leadership, the Dome of the Rock was constructed in Jerusalem, symbolizing the Islamic faith's prominence. Abd al-Malik also introduced a new currency, which helped facilitate trade across the empire. His efforts contributed to the cultural and political development of the Islamic world during this period.