A 64-bit operating system is a type of software that manages computer hardware and software resources, allowing for more efficient processing of data. It can handle larger amounts of memory compared to its 32-bit counterparts, supporting up to 16 exabytes of RAM, which is beneficial for running demanding applications and multitasking. These systems are designed to take advantage of modern 64-bit processors, which can process data in 64-bit chunks. This capability enhances performance, especially in tasks like video editing, gaming, and scientific simulations, where large data sets are common.