19th-century Russian society was characterized by a rigid class structure, with the nobility at the top, followed by the middle class, and a large population of serfs at the bottom. The serfs, who were often bound to the land, faced harsh living conditions and limited rights. The period saw significant social changes, especially after the emancipation reform of 1861, which aimed to free the serfs and modernize the economy. Cultural life flourished during this time, with notable contributions in literature and the arts. Writers like Leo Tolstoy and Fyodor Dostoevsky explored complex social issues, while composers such as Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky brought Russian music to the world stage. The era was marked by a growing awareness of social issues and a push for reform, setting the stage for future political movements.