19th-century Polish painting was marked by a blend of Romanticism and Realism, reflecting the country's turbulent history and national identity. Artists like Józef Chełmoński and Władysław Podkowiński focused on themes of nature, folklore, and historical events, often portraying the struggles and aspirations of the Polish people. The period also saw the emergence of the Munich School, where many Polish artists studied and developed their skills. This influence led to a unique style that combined traditional Polish elements with broader European artistic trends, contributing to a rich cultural heritage that continues to be celebrated today.