The 19th century was a vibrant period for literature, marked by the rise of various literary movements such as Romanticism, Realism, and Naturalism. Writers explored themes of individualism, nature, and social issues, often reflecting the rapid changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution. Notable authors from this era include Charles Dickens, Jane Austen, and Leo Tolstoy, whose works continue to influence literature today. This century also saw the emergence of new genres, including the modern novel and short stories. The use of complex characters and intricate plots became more common, as seen in the works of Emily Brontë and Mark Twain. Overall, 19th-century literature laid the groundwork for many contemporary literary forms and styles.