In the 18th century, Spain was a powerful empire known for its vast territories in Europe, the Americas, and beyond. The century was marked by the reign of the Bourbon dynasty, which began with Philip V in 1700. This period saw significant political and economic changes, including the implementation of reforms aimed at modernizing the government and improving trade. Culturally, 18th-century Spain experienced the Spanish Enlightenment, which encouraged advancements in science, philosophy, and the arts. Notable figures like Francisco de Goya emerged during this time, contributing to the rich artistic heritage. The century also faced challenges, including wars and conflicts that affected its global standing.