In the 18th century, England experienced significant social and economic changes. The period was marked by the rise of the Industrial Revolution, which transformed agriculture and manufacturing. Cities grew rapidly as people moved from rural areas to urban centers in search of work, leading to new social classes and a shift in lifestyles. Culturally, the 18th century was known for the Enlightenment, a movement that emphasized reason and individualism. This era produced influential thinkers like John Locke and David Hume, who shaped modern philosophy. The arts flourished as well, with notable figures such as William Hogarth in painting and Samuel Johnson in literature, reflecting the complexities of contemporary life.