In 1861, the United States was on the brink of a civil war, primarily over issues related to slavery and states' rights. Tensions escalated when several Southern states seceded from the Union, forming the Confederate States of America. This marked the beginning of a conflict that would last four years and reshape the nation. The first major battle of the American Civil War occurred at Bull Run in July 1861, where Confederate forces achieved a surprising victory. This battle highlighted the war's potential for significant bloodshed and underscored the need for better preparation on both sides.