The 11th century, spanning from the year 1001 to 1100, was a significant period in medieval history. It saw the rise of powerful kingdoms in Europe, such as the Holy Roman Empire and the Kingdom of England. This era also marked the beginning of the Crusades, a series of religious wars aimed at reclaiming the Holy Land. In Asia, the Song Dynasty in China experienced advancements in technology and culture, including the invention of printing and improvements in agriculture. Meanwhile, in the Islamic world, the Seljuk Turks expanded their influence, leading to a rich exchange of ideas and knowledge across regions.