The 11th Dynasty of ancient Egypt is part of the Middle Kingdom, which lasted from around 2134 to 1991 BCE. This dynasty is known for its political stability and cultural achievements, including advancements in art, literature, and architecture. The capital was established at Thebes, which became a significant center for trade and religion. Key pharaohs of the 11th Dynasty include Mentuhotep II, who reunified Egypt after a period of disunity known as the First Intermediate Period. His reign marked the beginning of the Middle Kingdom, leading to a flourishing of Egyptian civilization. The dynasty is also noted for its impressive mortuary temples and the development of the Osirian cult.