문명 (Civilization) refers to a complex human society characterized by the development of cities, social hierarchies, and cultural practices. It typically includes advancements in areas such as agriculture, writing, and technology, which enable communities to thrive and expand. Civilizations often have organized governments, economic systems, and shared beliefs that unify their people. Throughout history, various civilizations have emerged, such as the Mesopotamian, Egyptian, and Indus Valley civilizations. Each of these societies contributed to human progress through innovations in architecture, art, and science. The study of civilizations helps us understand the evolution of human culture and the interconnectedness of societies across time.