科学管理, or "scientific management," is a theory developed in the early 20th century by Frederick Winslow Taylor. It focuses on improving economic efficiency and labor productivity through systematic study and analysis of workflows. The goal is to optimize tasks and reduce waste, ensuring that workers are trained and managed effectively. This approach emphasizes the use of data and observation to determine the best methods for performing tasks. By applying scientific principles to management, organizations can enhance productivity, improve worker satisfaction, and achieve better overall performance in their operations.