Σοπενάουερ, or Arthur Schopenhauer, was a German philosopher born in 1788, known for his pessimistic philosophy. He emphasized the role of human desire and suffering, arguing that life is driven by a relentless will to live, which often leads to dissatisfaction and pain. His most famous work, "The World as Will and Representation," explores these themes in depth. Schopenhauer's ideas influenced many later thinkers, including Friedrich Nietzsche and Sigmund Freud. He also had a significant impact on literature and the arts, inspiring writers like Leo Tolstoy and Richard Wagner. Schopenhauer passed away in 1860, leaving a lasting legacy in philosophy.