The Stuart dynasty was a royal family that ruled Scotland and England from the late 16th century to the early 18th century. It began with Mary, Queen of Scots and continued with her son, James VI of Scotland, who became James I of England after the Union of the Crowns in 1603. The dynasty is known for significant events, including the English Civil War and the eventual establishment of the Commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell. The Stuart dynasty faced challenges such as religious conflicts and political struggles. It ended with the Glorious Revolution of 1688, which led to the overthrow of James II and the rise of William III and Mary II. The dynasty's legacy includes the development of constitutional monarchy and the ongoing influence of the royal family in British history.