Vertex colors are a method used in 3D graphics to assign colors directly to the vertices of a model. Each vertex can have its own color, which helps create detailed and vibrant surfaces without needing complex textures. This technique is often used in video games and animations to enhance visual quality while keeping performance efficient. When a 3D model is rendered, the colors assigned to the vertices are interpolated across the surfaces of the polygons that make up the model. This means that the colors blend smoothly between vertices, resulting in a more realistic appearance. Vertex colors are particularly useful in applications like real-time rendering and computer graphics.