Underground cinema refers to independent films that are often produced outside the mainstream film industry. These films typically explore unconventional themes, experimental techniques, and alternative narratives. They are usually created on low budgets and may be shown in non-traditional venues, such as art galleries, community centers, or film festivals. This movement has roots in the avant-garde and counterculture of the 1960s and 1970s, with filmmakers like Andy Warhol and John Waters gaining recognition for their unique styles. Underground cinema often challenges societal norms and provides a platform for marginalized voices, making it an important part of the broader film landscape.