Tuberculosis bacteria, known scientifically as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, are tiny germs that primarily affect the lungs but can also impact other parts of the body. They spread through the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes, releasing droplets containing the bacteria. Once inside the body, these bacteria can remain dormant for years without causing symptoms. However, if the immune system weakens, they can become active, leading to tuberculosis (TB) disease. Symptoms of active TB include a persistent cough, fever, and weight loss, making early detection and treatment crucial for recovery.