A total mastectomy is a surgical procedure that involves the complete removal of one or both breasts. This operation is often performed to treat or prevent breast cancer, especially when the disease is diagnosed at an advanced stage. The procedure may also be considered for individuals with a high risk of developing breast cancer due to genetic factors. During a total mastectomy, the surgeon removes breast tissue, skin, and sometimes nearby lymph nodes. This surgery can help eliminate cancerous cells and reduce the risk of recurrence. After the procedure, patients may discuss options for breast reconstruction with their healthcare team, including plastic surgeons and oncologists.