Textual criticism is the study of manuscripts and texts to determine their original form and meaning. Scholars analyze variations in different copies of a text, such as literary works, historical documents, or sacred scriptures, to identify errors or changes made over time. This process helps to reconstruct the most accurate version of a text. By comparing different versions, textual critics can uncover how and why alterations occurred, whether through copying mistakes, intentional edits, or translations. This discipline is essential for understanding the development of texts, including works like the Bible or Shakespeare's plays, and ensuring their integrity for future readers.