Tūpuna refers to ancestors in Māori culture, representing the lineage and heritage of a family or tribe. These ancestors are revered and play a significant role in the identity and traditions of the Māori people. Tūpuna are often honored through stories, rituals, and cultural practices that connect the living with their past. In addition to being ancestors, tūpuna can also refer to the spiritual connections and guardianship that these ancestors provide. They are seen as protectors of the land and the whānau (family), guiding current and future generations in their cultural practices and values.