Surface science is the study of the physical and chemical properties of surfaces and interfaces. It focuses on understanding how atoms and molecules interact at surfaces, which is crucial for various applications, including catalysis, semiconductor technology, and materials science. Researchers use techniques like scanning tunneling microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to analyze surface structures and reactions. This field plays a vital role in developing new materials and improving existing ones. By manipulating surface properties, scientists can enhance performance in areas such as solar cells, batteries, and coatings. Surface science helps bridge the gap between fundamental research and practical applications in technology.