Stress response pathways are biological processes that help the body react to perceived threats or challenges. When faced with stress, the body activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which triggers the release of hormones like cortisol. This hormone helps mobilize energy and prepare the body for a "fight or flight" response. Additionally, the sympathetic nervous system is activated, leading to increased heart rate and blood pressure. This response enhances alertness and physical readiness. Together, these pathways enable the body to cope with stressors, but prolonged activation can lead to negative health effects.