State-owned enterprises (SOEs) are companies that are owned and operated by a government. They are established to provide essential services or goods that may not be adequately supplied by the private sector. Examples of SOEs include public utilities, transportation services, and natural resource companies. These enterprises can play a significant role in a country's economy by generating revenue, creating jobs, and ensuring the availability of important services. However, they may also face challenges such as inefficiency and political interference, which can affect their performance and profitability.