A special court-martial is a type of military court designed to handle less serious offenses compared to a general court-martial. It typically deals with cases involving minor crimes, such as misconduct or minor violations of military law. The proceedings are less formal, and the maximum punishment can include confinement for up to one year, reduction in rank, or a bad conduct discharge. Special court-martials consist of a military judge and a panel of at least three members, who are usually officers. The accused has the right to be represented by a military attorney or a civilian lawyer. The process aims to ensure fair treatment while maintaining military discipline.