Scheduling algorithms are methods used by operating systems to manage the execution of processes. They determine the order in which tasks are executed, ensuring efficient use of CPU time and resources. Common types include First-Come, First-Served (FCFS), Shortest Job Next (SJN), and Round Robin (RR), each with its own advantages and disadvantages. These algorithms aim to optimize various performance metrics, such as throughput, turnaround time, and waiting time. By selecting the right scheduling algorithm, systems can improve responsiveness and overall performance, making them crucial for both single-user and multi-user environments.