Quantum Hall states are unique phases of matter that occur in two-dimensional electron systems subjected to strong magnetic fields at very low temperatures. In these states, the electrons exhibit collective behavior, leading to quantized values of electrical conductivity. This phenomenon is a result of the interplay between the magnetic field and the electron's wave-like properties. These states are characterized by the formation of edge states, which are conducting channels that exist at the boundaries of the material. The Quantum Hall Effect, discovered by Robert Laughlin and others, has important implications for understanding fundamental physics and has applications in metrology and quantum computing.