Topological phases are distinct states of matter that arise from the geometric properties of a system rather than its local particle interactions. These phases are characterized by global features, such as the arrangement of particles in space, which remain unchanged under continuous deformations. This means that even if the material is altered, its topological properties can remain intact. One of the most well-known examples of topological phases is the quantum Hall effect, where electrons in a two-dimensional system exhibit quantized conductance at low temperatures and strong magnetic fields. Other examples include topological insulators, which conduct electricity on their surfaces while remaining insulating in their bulk, showcasing the unique behavior of topological phases in condensed matter physics.