A pumping test is a method used to assess the characteristics of an aquifer, which is a layer of rock or sediment that can store and transmit water. During the test, water is pumped from a well at a constant rate, and the change in water levels in nearby observation wells is measured over time. This data helps determine the aquifer's properties, such as its permeability and storage capacity. The results of pumping tests are crucial for water resource management, as they inform decisions about groundwater extraction and well placement. Engineers and hydrologists analyze the data to ensure sustainable use of water resources and to protect against issues like over-extraction and contamination.