"Pre-Hispanic" refers to the period in the Americas before the arrival of Spanish explorers and colonizers in the late 15th century. This era is characterized by diverse indigenous cultures, societies, and civilizations, such as the Aztecs, Mayans, and Incas. These groups developed complex social structures, advanced agricultural practices, and rich artistic traditions. During the pre-Hispanic period, many civilizations built impressive architectural structures, including pyramids and temples, and created intricate pottery and textiles. The era also saw the establishment of trade networks and the development of writing systems, particularly among the Maya. This rich cultural heritage laid the foundation for the history of the Americas.