Population decline refers to a decrease in the number of people living in a specific area, such as a country or city. This decline can occur due to various factors, including low birth rates, high death rates, and emigration, where people move away to seek better opportunities elsewhere. When the population shrinks, it can lead to challenges like labor shortages and reduced economic growth. Countries like Japan and Italy have experienced significant population decline in recent years. As the number of elderly individuals increases and fewer young people are born, these nations face difficulties in maintaining their workforce and supporting social services. Addressing population decline often requires policies that encourage higher birth rates or attract immigrants.