Pigmentation disorders are conditions that affect the color of the skin, hair, and eyes. These disorders occur when there is an imbalance in the production of melanin, the pigment responsible for skin color. Common types include vitiligo, where patches of skin lose their pigment, and hyperpigmentation, which causes dark spots or areas on the skin. These disorders can result from various factors, including genetics, sun exposure, and certain medical conditions. While pigmentation disorders are generally not harmful, they can impact a person's appearance and self-esteem. Treatment options vary and may include topical creams, laser therapy, or other dermatological procedures.