Photovoltaic materials are substances that can convert sunlight directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. These materials are essential components of solar cells, which are used in solar panels to harness solar energy. Common photovoltaic materials include silicon, cadmium telluride, and copper indium gallium selenide. The efficiency of photovoltaic materials varies, with some converting a higher percentage of sunlight into usable energy than others. Research continues to improve these materials, aiming to enhance their performance and reduce costs, making solar energy more accessible and sustainable for widespread use.