Permineralization is a process that occurs when minerals fill the empty spaces within organic materials, such as bones or wood. This typically happens when these materials are buried under sediment and exposed to mineral-rich water. Over time, the minerals crystallize and harden, preserving the original structure of the organic material. This process is a key mechanism in the formation of fossils, allowing scientists to study ancient life forms. The resulting fossilized remains can provide valuable information about the environment and conditions in which the organisms lived, contributing to our understanding of paleontology and earth's history.