Peer-to-peer protocols are communication methods that allow devices, or "peers," to connect and share resources directly with each other without needing a central server. This decentralized approach enables users to exchange files, data, or services efficiently, as each peer can act as both a client and a server. Common examples of peer-to-peer protocols include BitTorrent for file sharing and Skype for voice and video calls. These protocols enhance scalability and resilience, as the network can continue to function even if some peers go offline, making them popular for various applications in the digital landscape.