The term "orographic" refers to the effects of mountains on weather patterns and climate. When moist air encounters a mountain range, it is forced to rise, leading to cooling and condensation. This process often results in precipitation on the windward side of the mountains, creating lush environments. On the leeward side, known as the rain shadow, the air descends and warms, resulting in drier conditions. This phenomenon can significantly influence local ecosystems and agriculture, as seen in regions like the Sierra Nevada in California and the Andes in South America.