Optogenetics is a technique used in neuroscience that allows researchers to control specific neurons in the brain using light. By introducing light-sensitive proteins into these neurons, scientists can activate or inhibit their activity with precise timing. This method helps in understanding how different brain circuits function and their roles in behavior. The technique involves using a combination of genetic engineering and optical methods. Researchers can target specific types of neurons by using genetic tools to insert the light-sensitive proteins. When exposed to certain wavelengths of light, these proteins change the electrical activity of the neurons, enabling detailed studies of brain function and disorders.