Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a group of disorders caused by poorly formed or dysfunctional blood cells. They occur when the bone marrow, which produces blood cells, does not function properly, leading to a shortage of healthy red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. This can result in symptoms like fatigue, increased risk of infections, and easy bruising or bleeding. MDS can develop for various reasons, including exposure to certain chemicals, radiation, or as a result of previous chemotherapy treatments. It is often diagnosed through blood tests and bone marrow examinations. Treatment options may include medications, blood transfusions, or stem cell transplants, depending on the severity of the condition.