Microbial tests are laboratory procedures used to detect and identify microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites, in various samples. These tests help ensure the safety and quality of products like food, water, and pharmaceuticals by identifying harmful pathogens that could cause illness. Common methods for conducting microbial tests include culture techniques, where samples are grown on specific media, and molecular techniques, such as PCR (polymerase chain reaction), which amplify DNA to identify microorganisms. These tests are essential in public health, environmental monitoring, and quality control in industries to prevent contamination and outbreaks.