Matching problems are a type of mathematical or computational challenge where the goal is to pair items from two distinct sets based on specific criteria. For example, in a job market, employers may want to match candidates with suitable job openings based on skills and experience. These problems can be solved using various algorithms, such as the Hungarian algorithm or Gale-Shapley algorithm, which help find optimal pairings. Matching problems are common in fields like economics, computer science, and operations research, where efficient allocation of resources or individuals is essential for maximizing benefits.