Lower secondary schools, often referred to as middle schools or junior high schools, typically serve students aged 11 to 14. These institutions provide education that bridges the gap between primary education and upper secondary education. The curriculum usually includes a mix of core subjects such as mathematics, science, language arts, and social studies, along with elective courses. In many countries, lower secondary schools focus on developing critical thinking and social skills, preparing students for more specialized studies in upper secondary schools. They often emphasize a combination of academic learning and personal development, helping students transition into adolescence and greater independence.