Iodine deficiency occurs when the body does not get enough iodine, an essential mineral needed for producing thyroid hormones. These hormones are crucial for regulating metabolism, growth, and development. A lack of iodine can lead to health issues, including goiter, which is an enlargement of the thyroid gland, and can affect cognitive function, particularly in children. Iodine deficiency is most common in areas where the soil is low in iodine, often in mountainous regions or places far from the sea. To prevent deficiency, many countries have implemented iodization programs, adding iodine to table salt and other foods. This helps ensure that people receive adequate amounts of this vital nutrient.