"Ideal theory" refers to a philosophical approach that focuses on how societies should be structured under perfect conditions. It often explores concepts like justice, fairness, and equality, aiming to define what an ideal society would look like. This theory is commonly contrasted with "non-ideal theory," which addresses real-world issues and injustices. In political philosophy, thinkers like John Rawls have contributed significantly to ideal theory by proposing frameworks for a just society. These frameworks often serve as benchmarks for evaluating existing social structures and guiding reforms, even if they may not be fully attainable in practice.