The hypoglossal nerve is the twelfth cranial nerve, primarily responsible for controlling the movements of the tongue. It plays a crucial role in speech, swallowing, and other functions that require precise tongue movements. This nerve originates in the brainstem and extends to the muscles of the tongue. Damage to the hypoglossal nerve can lead to difficulties in speaking and swallowing, as well as problems with tongue movement. Conditions affecting this nerve may result from injury, stroke, or diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Proper functioning of the hypoglossal nerve is essential for effective communication and eating.