Foundation design is the process of creating a stable base for a building or structure. It involves assessing the soil conditions, load requirements, and environmental factors to ensure the foundation can support the weight of the structure above. Proper foundation design helps prevent issues like settling, cracking, or structural failure. There are various types of foundations, including shallow foundations and deep foundations. Shallow foundations are typically used for lighter structures, while deep foundations are necessary for heavier buildings or in areas with poor soil conditions. Engineers use specific calculations and materials to ensure the foundation meets safety and performance standards.