Factorization is the process of breaking down a number or an algebraic expression into its constituent parts, called factors. For example, the number 12 can be factored into 3 and 4, since 3 × 4 = 12. In algebra, an expression like x² - 9 can be factored into (x - 3)(x + 3), which shows how it can be expressed as a product of simpler expressions. This technique is useful in various areas of mathematics, including solving equations and simplifying expressions. Factorization helps identify the roots of polynomials and can also be applied in number theory to find prime factors of integers, enhancing our understanding of their properties.